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Luis de Molina: The Life and Theology of the Founder of Middle Knowledge, by Kirk R. MacGregor
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When Luis de Molina died in Madrid in 1600, he had every reason to believe he was about to be anathametized by Pope Clement VIII. The Protestant Reformation was splitting Europe, tribunals of the Inquisition met regularly in a dozen Spanish cities, and the Pope had launched a commission two years earlier to investigate Molina’s writings.
Molina was eventually vindicated, though the decision came seven years after his death. In the centuries that followed Molina was relegated to relatively minor status in the history of theology until a renaissance of interest in recent years. His doctrine of God’s “middle knowledge,” in particular, has been appropriated by a number of current philosophers and theologians, with apologist William Lane Craig calling it “one of the most fruitful theological ideas ever conceived.”
In Luis de Molina: The Life and Theology of the Founder of Middle Knowledge, author Kirk R. MacGregor outlines the main contours of Molina’s subtle and far-reaching philosophical theology, covering his views on God’s foreknowledge, salvation and predestination, poverty and obedience, and social justice. Drawing on writings of Molina never translated into English, MacGregor also provides insight into the experiences that shaped Molina, recounting the events of a life fully as dramatic as any of the Protestant Reformers.
With implications for topics as wide-ranging as biblical inerrancy, creation and evolution, the relationship between Christianity and world religions, the problem of evil, and quantum indeterminacy, Molina’s thought remains as fresh and relevant as ever. Most significantly, perhaps, it continues to offer the possibility of a rapprochement between Calvinism and Arminianism, a view of salvation that fully upholds both God’s predestination and human free will.
As the first full-length work ever published on Molina, Kirk MacGregor’s Luis de Molina provides an accessible and insightful introduction for scholars, students, and armchair theologians alike.
- Sales Rank: #726412 in Books
- Brand: HarperCollins Christian Pub.
- Published on: 2015-11-03
- Released on: 2015-11-03
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.29" h x .87" w x 6.26" l, .55 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 288 pages
About the Author
Kirk R. MacGregor (PhD, University of Iowa) is assistant professor of philosophy and religion at McPherson College in McPherson, Kansas. He is the author of several scholarly works including A Molinist-Anabaptist Systematic Theology.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
An insight into an insightful man lies within this book
By Dr. Jones
I knew nothing of this man when I requested the book. As a result, I feared that I might be a little behind when reading the book. That fear was not confirmed when I read the book. It provided enough knowledge to get me caught up to where this book was going in a short time. However, the book is a dense scholarly tome, and you should be ware of that before you start reading the book.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
I wanted to like this book more than I did.
By Will Barto
I learned a great deal about the notion of “middle knowledge” and its various theological and philosophical applications by reading this book. According to the author, “middle knowledge” refers to “God’s knowledge of all things that would happen in every possible set of circumstances, both things that are determined to occur by those circumstances and things that are not determined to occur by those circumstances.” This concept is helpful when considering thorny issues like providence and predestination as well as other issues like social justice, scriptural inspiration, and evolution.
Luis de Molina was the Spanish Jesuit who is attributed with articulating “middle knowledge” in response to the perceived determinism of Thomist and Calvinist theology. The author of this work provides something of an intellectual biography of Molina to explain the significance of his theories and their continued relevance to the theology and the philosophy of religion. The author is an evangelical Christian but believes that Molina and his thinking are very important to contemporary Protestant and ecumenical thought on a wide variety of issues.
I am grateful for the author’s exposition of “middle knowledge,” but am also left somewhat confused by the organization and objectives of the book. As a threshold matter, the biographical portions of the work felt like filler in that there was not always a clear connection between the life incidents that were included and the overall topic of the book. This was particularly the case in the two somewhat redundant chapters addressing Molina’s “practical theology” and his “theology of social justice.” The biography did not add to my understanding of the “middle knowledge” that was the focus of the work.
I also found the many footnotes, especially those to untranslated foreign or historic works, to be distracting and unnecessary in a work seemingly intended for popular consumption. The author’s learning and pedigree are impeccable, but if this book was intended for an academic audience or was originally a dissertation, it relies very (too?) heavily on the work of others (such as William Lane Craig) to be an independent or substantial contribution to the blossoming literature on the topic. I am uncertain why one should read this work instead of Craig, Plantinga, or other established academics?
On a more substantive note, I have to observe that this work is by an evangelical Protestant talking about other Protestant scholars talking about a Catholic priest and theologian from the 16th century. I know that the saying “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” guides some apologists, but Molina was no crypto-Protestant, and efforts to make him into one seem a bit strained. An example is the way that the author describes Molina’s entry into the Jesuit order: “Molina affirmed the truth that only surrender to Christ brings true fulfillment, based sheerly on the grace of God and not on works.” (P.44) I am not an expert on the Jesuit liturgies, but that sure does not sound like what a sixteenth century Jesuit would be affirming! And in a book abounding with footnotes, that particular assertion goes without citation or source. On a stylistic point, is “sheerly” really a word?
I also felt like the book was lacking in objective critique of middle knowledge and its application to issues like providence and predestination. As is noted by Orthodox scholars like Bulgakov, Molinism just pushes predestination back a notch in the sequence of creation without any real difference in effect: human beings are still predestined (albeit indirectly under Molinism) to perdition and salvation. If it is truly the accommodation between Calvinism and Arminianism that the author and others posit, it is not established as such in this book.
The last chapter of the book, which concerns “Molina’s legacy,” was particularly ambitious in the number of topics it tried to address and felt too rushed. It was also a chapter in which the author’s evangelical perspective was most on display. Particularly lacking in a chapter about the legacy of a Catholic theologian was any mention of how Molina has fared in the Vatican II church among Catholic theologians. The harried pacing was also evident in the fact that the author even changed to first-person narrative at one point, which was jarring in a work that had formerly used third-person throughout. I felt like this chapter gave the topic short shrift and had the feel of an afterthought.
I think that a second edition with improved editing and clarified objectives would be worth pursuing.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
I really enjoyed reading this book about Luis de Molina's theology of ...
By LibraryGirl2014
Although I only studied a smattering of philosophy in college (only 3 credit hours) and I think only a handful of religion classes, I really enjoyed reading this book about Luis de Molina's theology of "middle knowledge", called "Molinism", which reconciles human free will and God's foreknowledge. Molinism is compatible with many theological traditions - Catholic, Baptist, Lutheran, Anabaptist, Reformed, Pentecostal, and Wesleyan - so it is an idea that has a lot of implications for many theological questions. This is both a very scholarly and very readable book. I enjoyed it. Recommended.
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